Athens, 2400 years ago. It’s a compact place:only about a quarter of a million people live here.
There are fine baths, theatres, temples,shopping arcades and gymnasiums It’s warm for more than half the year. This is also home to the world’s first true– and probably greatest – philosopher: Plato Born into a prominent and wealthy family in the city, Plato devoted his life to one goal:helping people to reach a state of what he termed: εὐδαιμονία (Eudaimonia) or fulfilment.
Plato is often confused with Socrates Socrates was an older friend,who taught Plato a lot but didn’t write any books. Plato wrote lots of them: 36, alldialogues: beautifully crafted scripts of imaginary discussions in which Socrates isalways allocated a starring role – among them: The RepublicThe Symposium The LawsThe Meno andThe Apology Plato had four big ideas for making life morefulfilled.
First big idea: Think more We rarely give ourselves time to think carefullyand logically about our lives and how to live them. Sometimes we just go along with what the theGreeks called ‘doxa’: ‘popular opinions’. In the the 36 books he wrote, Plato showedthis ‘common-sense’ to be riddled with errors, prejudice and superstition. Fame is great Follow your heart Money is the key to a good life The problem is, popular opinions edge us towardsthe wrong values, careers and relationships. Plato’s answer is ‘Know yourself.’
It means doing a special kind of therapy,philosophy: Subjecting your ideas to examination ratherthan acting on impulse. If you strengthen your self-knowledge, youdon’t get so pulled around by feelings. Plato compared the role of our feelings tobeing dragged dangerously along by a group of wild horses. In honor of his mentor and friend, Socrates,this kind of examination is called a Socratic discussion. You can have it with yourselfor ideally, with another person who isn’t trying to catch you out but wants to helpyou clarify your own ideas. Second Big idea: Let your lover change you.
That sounds weird, if you think that lovemeans finding someone who wants you just the way you are. In The Symposium , Plato’s play about adinner party where a group of friends drink too much and get talking about love, sex and relationships, Plato says:“True love is admiration.” In other words, the person you need to gettogether with should have very good qualities … which you yourself lack. Let’s say, they should be really brave Or organised.
Or warm and sincere By getting close to this person, you can becomea little like they are. The right person for us helps us grow to ourfull potential. For Plato, in a good relationship, a coupleshouldn’t love each other exactly as they are right now. They should be committed to educating eachother – and to enduring the stormy passages this inevitably involves. Each person should want to seduce the otherinto becoming a better version of themselves. Three: decode the message of beauty.
Everyone – pretty much – likes beautifulthings Plato was the first toask why do we like them? He found a fascinating reason: Beautiful objects are whispering importanttruths to us about the good life … We find things beautiful when we unconsciouslysense in them qualities we need but are missing in our lives. gentleness harmony balance peace strength Beautiful objects therefore have a reallyimportant function. They help to educate our souls.
Ugliness is a serious matter too. it paradesdangerous and damaged characteristics in front of us. It makes it harder to be wise, kindand calm. Plato sees art as therapeutic: it is the dutyof poets and painters (and nowadays, novelists, television producers and designers) to helpus live good lives. Four: Reform society. Plato spent a lot of time thinking how thegovernment and society should ideally be. He was the world’s first utopia thinker. In this, he was inspired by Athens’s greatrival: Sparta.
This was a city-sized machine for turningout great soldiers Everything the Spartans did – how they raisedtheir children, how their economy was organised, whom they admired, how they had sex, whatthey ate – was tailored to that one goal. And Sparta was hugely successful, from a militarypoint of view. But that wasn’t Plato’s concern. He wantedto know: how could a society get better at producing not military power but fulfilledpeople? In his book, The Republic, Plato identifiesa number of changes that should be made: Athenian society was very focused on the rich,like the louche aristocrat Alcibiades, and sports celebrities, like the boxer Milo ofCroton.
Plato wasn’t impressed: it really matterswho we admire, because celebrities influence our outlook, ideas and conduct. And bad heroesgive glamour to flaws of character. Plato therefore wanted to give Athens newcelebrities, replacing the current crop with ideally wise and good people he called Guardians models for everyone’s good development. These people would be distinguished by their record ofpublic service, their modesty and simple habits, their dislike of the limelight and their wideand deep experience. They would be the most honored and admired people in society.
He also wanted to end democracy in Athens.He wasn’t crazy. He just observed how few people think properly before they vote andtherefore we get very substandard rulers. He didn’t want to replace democracy withhorrid dictatorship; but wanted to prevent people from voting untilthey had started to think rationally. Until they had become philosophers. Otherwise, governmentwould just be a kind of mob rule [back to To help the process, Plato started a school,The Academy, in Athens, which lasted a good 300 years. There, pupils learnt not just mathsand spelling, but also how to be good and kind.
His ultimate goal was that politicians shouldbecome philosophers: ‘The world will not be right,’ he said, ‘until kings becomephilosophers or philosophers kings.’ [show Hollande, Merkel, Cameron all trooping intoa uni- then coming out as philosophers] Plato’s ideas remain deeply provocativeand fascinating. What unites them is their ambition and their idealism. He wanted philosophyto be a tool to help us change the world. We should continue to be inspired by his example.
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